Babri Masjid and Ram Janmavhoomi Verdict - Supreme Court Judgement

Babri Masjid was a mosque in Ayodhya, India On 6 December 1992, a large group of Hindu activists belonging to the Vishva Hindu Parishad and allied organizations demolished the mosque, triggering riots all over India, killing around 2,000 people, many of them Muslim. The existence of the Ram Temple itself is a matter of controversy as there was no proof or written document about the existence of Ram Temple in the place of Babri Masjid. Let's take a look at the history of Babri Masjid and the controversy about Babri Masjid or Ram Janmavhumi.

“If the Babri Masjid was not demolished, and Hindus went to court saying that Ram was born there, would the court have ordered it to be demolished?”  Justice A.K. Ganguly asked, adding, “[The court] would not have directed it.”

The Babri Mosque, upper left, in the 18th century. From William Hodges' Select Views in India in the Years 1780–1783

Brief Story of Babri Masjid to Ram Mandir

Babri Masjid was a mosque in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India located on a hill known as Ramkot ("Rama's fort"). According to the mosque's inscriptions, it was built in 1528–29 (935 AH*) by general Mir Baqi, on orders of the Mughal emperor Babur. According to Hindus, Baqi destroyed a pre-existing temple of Rama at the site. On 6 December 1992, a large group of Hindu activists belonging to the Vishva Hindu Parishad and allied organizations demolished the mosque, triggering riots all over India, killing around 2,000 people. The existence of the Ram Temple itself is a matter of controversy as there was no proof or written document about the existence of Ram Temple in the place of Babri Masjid.

History of Babri Masjid

The date of construction of the Babri Masjid is uncertain. The inscriptions on the Babri Masjid premises found in the 20th-century state that the mosque was built in 935 AH (1528–29) by Mir Baqi in accordance with the wishes of Babur. However, these inscriptions appear to be of more recent vintage. There are no records of the mosque from this period. The Baburnama (Chronicles of Babur) does not mention either the mosque or the destruction of a temple.

The name "Babri Masjid" comes from the name of the Mughal emperor Babur, who is said to have ordered its construction. Before the 1940s, it was called Masjid-i Janmasthan ("mosque of the birthplace")

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1880s Effort to Construct a Temple in Place of Babri Masjid

In 1853, a group of armed Hindu ascetics belonging to the Nirmohi Akhara occupied the site and claimed ownership of the structure. Periodic violence erupted in the next two years, and the civil administration had to step in, refusing permission to build a temple or to use it as a place of worship. In 1855, after a Hindu-Muslim clash, a boundary wall was constructed to avoid further disputes.

In 1883, the Hindus launched an effort to construct a temple on the platform. After Muslim protests, the Deputy Commissioner prohibited any temple construction on 19 January 1885.

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Hindu Idols Placed in Masjid Corridor

In December 1949, the Hindu organization Akhil Bharatiya Ramayana Mahasabha organized a non-stop 9-day recitation of the Ramacharitamanas just outside the mosque. At the end of this event, on the night of 22–23 December 1949, a group of 50–60 people entered the mosque and placed the idols of Rama and Sita there. On the morning of 23 December, the event organizers asked Hindu devotees to come to the mosque for a darshan. As thousands of Hindus started visiting the place, the Government declared the mosque a disputed area and locked its gates.

Shia–Sunni dispute for Babri Masjid

In 1936, The Shias disputed the Sunni ownership of the mosque, claiming that the site belonged to them because Mir Baqi was a Shia. The Commissioner of Waqfs initiated an inquiry into the dispute. The inquiry concluded that the mosque belonged to the Sunnis since it was commissioned by Babur, who was a Sunni. The concluding report was published in an official gazette dated 26 February 1944. In 1945, the Shia Central Board moved to court against this decision. On 23 March 1946, Judge S. A. Ahsan ruled in favor of the Sunni Central Board of Waqfs.

Demolition of Babri Masjid

In April 1984, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) initiated a campaign to gather public support for Hindu access to the Babri Masjid and other structures that had been allegedly built over Hindu shrines. 


To raise public awareness, VHP planned nationwide rath yatras (chariot processions), the first of which took place in September–October 1984, from Sitamarhi to Ayodhya. The campaign was temporarily suspended after the assassination of Indira Gandhi but revived in from 25 places on 23 October 1985. On 25 January 1986, a 28-year-old local lawyer Umesh Chandra Pandey, appealed to a court to remove the restrictions on Hindu worship in the Babri Masjid premises. Subsequently, the Rajiv Gandhi government ordered the locks on the Babri Masjid gates to be removed. Earlier, the only Hindu ceremony permitted at the site was a Hindu priest performing an annual puja. After the ruling, all Hindus were given access to the site, and the mosque gained some function as a Hindu temple.

Communal tension in the region worsened when the VHP received permission to perform a shilanyas (stone-laying ceremony) at the disputed site before the national election in November 1989. A senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader, L K Advani, started a rath yatra, embarking on a 10,000 km journey starting from the south and heading towards Ayodhya. On 6 December 1992, BJP, VHP and RSS leaders gathered at the site to offer prayers and perform a symbolic kar seva. At noon, a teenage Kar Sevak (volunteer) was "vaulted" on to the dome and that signaled the breaking of the outer cordon. Soon after, a large number of kar sevaks demolished the mosque.

A photograph of the Babri Masjid from the early 1900s. Copyright: The British Library Board

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Case Started for Ram Mandir

A land title case on the site was lodged in the Allahabad High Court, the verdicts of which was pronounced on 30 September 2010. In their verdict, the three judges of the Allahabad High Court ruled that the 2.77 acres (1.12 ha) of Ayodhya land be divided into 3 parts, with 1/3 going to the Ram Lalla or Infant Lord Rama represented by the Hindu Maha Sabha for the construction of the Ram temple, 1/3 going to the Islamic Sunni Waqf Board and the remaining 1/3 going to a Hindu religious denomination Nirmohi Akhara. While the three-judge bench was not unanimous that the disputed structure was constructed after the demolition of a temple, it did agree that a temple or a temple structure predated the mosque at the same site. The excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India were heavily used as evidence by the court that the predating structure was a massive Hindu religious building.

Supreme Court Judgement October 2019 for Ram Mandir

The five judges Supreme Court bench heard the title dispute cases from August to October 2019. On 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the land to be handed over to a trust to build the Hindu temple. It also ordered the government to give alternate 5-acre land to Sunni Waqf Board to build a mosque.

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*Arabic Hijri Year 

Source - Babri Masjid -Wikipedia